BRAIN STORMING

                                                        Question.

Name the following kinds of projectors. and comment which one is more quality than the other. why?

(A)....................................

(B).....................................

(C).....................................

(D)......................................

                                                                           A

                                                 
                                                                                  B  

                           
                                                                                  C

                                                                                  D

ANY ONE WHO WILL ANSWER MY QUESTION CORRECTLY, I WILL AWARD HIS/HER A PROJECTOR.

LESSON PLAN

                                        NAME OF THE SCHOOL. BULONGWA SEC SCHOOL.

                                                     SUBJECT NAME. GEOGRAPHY.

                                                     TEACHER’S NAME. SANGA JIPE.

                                                     LESSON PLAN.

DATE	SUBJECT	FORM	N0 OF PERIOD	TIME	NUMBER OF STUDENTS
12/8/2013	GEOGRAPHY	III	2	10:00    -12:00	REGISTERED			PRESENTS
					BOYS	GIRLS	TOT	BOYS	GIRLS	TOT
					12	12	24	12	11	23

COMPETENCE. The students should be to define the term physical and chemical properties and to identify its properties of soil.

MAINTOPIC. SOIL

SUBTOPIC. Physical and chemical properties of soil

GENERAL OBJECTIVES. The students should able to define different properties of soil like

                                            chemical and physical properties, the nature of each property of soil.   

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES. 1. At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to explain                    the meaning of chemical properties and physical properties

                                              2. The students should determine the elements of chemical and  

                                                Physical properties of soil

TEACHING AIDS. Different diagrams which shows the properties soil.

REFERENCES. M. S Nyasenda (2009).Geography book three. Institute of education,

Dar e s salaam.

Hagen ,. (2003) Trade routes for landlocked countries, New York. Chronicles Publishing Press

CLASS DEVELOPMENT

STAGES	TIME	TEACHING ACTIVITIIES	LEARNING ACTIVITIES	ASSESSMENT
INTRODUCTION	10MINS	-To guide the students to define the term soil properties and its elements.	-The learners should be defining the terms like physical and chemical properties.	-Are students able to define the terms of soil properties?
PRESENTATION	20MINS	-To present a correct definition of soil properties and to describe the properties of soil.	-To listen and take some notes.	Are students able to listen and take some notes?
CONSOLIDATION	20MINS	To guide students to know the important properties of soil.	To take a note of some important properties of soil.	Are students able to take notes of important properties?
REFLECTION	5MINS	To ask some questions concerning with the lesson	To answer the asked questions concerning the subjects individual and groups.	Are students able to answer the questions?
CONCLUSION	5MINS	To make a general summary of the lesson and give the notes.	To listen and overview their notes	Are students able to view their notes?

                

TEACHER’S EVALUATION. The lesson was understood.

STUDENTS EVALUATION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

REMARKS. Before starting other sub topic, I should repeat the previously lesson

        “COPPING OF LESSON PLAN, IS LIKE TO PRONE YOUR MENTAL ABILITY”  

NGONI MIGRATION

www.elateafrica.org/elate/history/ngoni/ngonimigrationintro.html

BOOK.                       Textbooks- Odhiambo E.S A.; Ouso, T. I, Williams, J. F. M     (1977). A History of East Africa.  Longman Group;

THE NGONI MIGRATIONS AND SETTLEMENT IN EAST AFRICA

            (Migrated from South Africa to Tanzania between 1820- 1840)

Who were the Ngoni?

The Ngoni were Bantu-Nguni speaking people of Northern Zululand in South East Africa. They were originally Ndwandwe people under Zwides leadership. But when Shaka defeated Zwide, one part of his group, the Ngoni moved to East Africa under Zwangendaba.

In origin, the Ngoni, were close relatives of the Zulu. They were full- time warriors and cattle plunderers hence disliked by other tribes, so they forced them away. They were pushed further north and eventually reached southern Tanzania.

They were forced out of South Africa by the “Mfecane” wars led by Shaka the Zulu. They came to be known as the Ngoni having absorbed the Thonga, Shona and Cewa on their way to East Africa.

The Ngoni migration began among the Bantu peoples of South Africa, who entered into E. Africa in the 1840’s. They were the last Bantu migrants to come to East Africa. They migrated into two largest groups of the Maseko and Tuta Ngoni.

The Ngoni broke the Monomotapa Kingdom, settling respectively on the eastern side of Lake Nyasa  (Malawi) at Songea, and on Ufipa plateau.

Reasons for the Ngoni migration.

• It was due to fear of being absorbed into the empire of tyrant Shaka.

• They moved because of external pressure from the British and the Boers in the South who were moving northwards occupying their land.

• It was due to over population, which was caused by the fertility of soils and reliability of rainfall between Drakensberg Mountains and the Indian Ocean.

• Due to overpopulation there was land shortage hence land disputes, which led to forcing them to migrate to other areas.

• Some owned large herds of cattle hence moved northwards looking for pasture and water for their animals.
• It was also due to epidemic diseases such as smallpox and sleeping sickness that affected them.

• They could have moved because of famine and drought that led to lack of food and water.

• It was because of influence of men like Zwangendaba, Maputo and Zulugama who provided good leadership.
• They migrated because of the spirit for Adventure. (Need to see what was beyond them).

• The leaders wanted to take over power in the areas they defeated, which was not acceptable to Shaka forcing some groups to migrate to other areas.

• They were fed up with the old traditional political system, which encouraged dictatorship and therefore wanted change, which could be achieved through migration.

• It could also have been due to overstocking of their animals.
• They migrated due to the increased knowledge of military tactics by the age regiments.

MOVEMENT AND SETTLEMENT OF THE NGONI INTO EAST AFRICA

• They began their movement from South – East Africa in Northern Zululand under the leadership of Zwangendaba in 1820.
• The Ngoni migration took place in the 19^th century, and was the last major movement of Bantu people into East Africa.
• There were 3 groups of the Ngoni in East Africa i.e. the Ngoni Tuta, the Ngoni Gwangara and the Maseko Ngoni.

• They then crossed River Zambezi and River Limpopo and moved northwards in search of new areas.
• Later in 1835, they divided into two groups. One group under the leadership of Zwangendaba passed west of Lake Malawi and settled at UFIPA in 1840. They were attracted to this area here because of the many herds of cattle around.
• Zwagendaba led the biggest Ngoni group that entered East Africa. They crossed the Zambezi River, moved through Malawi and Zambia until they reached the Fipa plateau in around 1840’s. Zwagendaba died here in about 1845, and his followers  splint up into five sections. Three sections returned south to Zambia and Malawi, while the other two, i.e. , the Tuta and Gwangara sections remained at Ufipa.
• Another group under the leadership of Induna Maputo (Maseko Ngoni) passed East of Lake Malawi and settled at Songea.  When Zwangendaba died around 1845, the Ufipa ngoni disagreed and plit in to five groups.
• Two groups remained in East Africa,i.e Tuta and Gwangara Ngoni. Three groups moved out of East Africa that is to say, one group moved to Malawi and the two moved back to Zambia.
• The Tutu Ngoni, the smallest group left Ufipa, moved northwards fighting and clashing with the Holoholo near Lake Tanganyika. They disrupted the trade route between Tabora and Ujiji.
• In the 1850s they invaded the Nyamwezi capturing many and incorporating them in their ranks. They finally settled at Kahama South of Lake Victoria.The Gwangara Ngoni under the leadership of Zulugama moved eastwards to Songea    where they met the Maseko Ngoni. The two groups fought and theMaseko Ngoni were defeated and pushed out of Songea in 1860s.
• Some of the Maseko moved back to Mozambique while others moved to Kilombero valley where they became known as the Mbunga.
• Another splinter group moved to Newala, Masasi and Tunduru.
• From Songea the Ngoni raided widely, finally settling in Southern Tanzania among the Bena, Hehe and Sangu. The Ngoni migration, which started around 1820’s, had ended by the year 1860s.

WHY WERE THE NGONI SUCCESSFUL IN DEFEATING / CONQUERING THE PEOPLE OF EAST AFRICA?

Ø      The Ngoni came in big numbers and were strong.

• They had good military organization with age-regiments called “impis”. (strong army)
• The Ngoni had a large, well-trained and disciplined army.
• They had superior weapons such as the short stabbing spear (Assegai) and big cowhide shields, which only left a soldier’s face exposed to the enemy, protected the warriors

§         They had superior military tactics such as the cow horn method (semi-circle), which was unfamiliar in E. Africa.

• They met small and fragmented societies, which were unable to challenge their military organization.
• The Ngoni were successful due to their determination. They were determined to conquer and obtain places for settlement.
• Disunity among the East African people living in isolated societies, made it easy for the Ngoni to defeat them.
• The Ngoni were fully united under their commanders.
• They had strong military leaders e.g. Zwangendaba who were able to unite and command the Ngoni, Induna Maputo.
• Applied the scorched earth policy hence taking people unaware. They burnt and destroyed crops.
• They also made themselves fearful to their enemies by wearing the skeletons of their victims.

THE NGONI MILITARY ORGANISATION

The Ngoni were a small group of people but were able to make their presence and authority fell by the local people because of their leadership, outstanding military efficiency and their capacity to absorb conquered people into their armies.

1. Militarily the Ngoni were organized in large standing armies and age regiments People of the same age trained together, which brought unity and efficiency.
2. They used the short- stabbing spears called assegai rather than the long- throwing spears which meant that the warriors could attack more effectively at a close range.
3. They used large cowhide shields, which could not be easily penetrated by spears.
4. They used the cow horn method of surrounding an enemy and attacking from all sides giving the enemy little chance to escape.
5. They often fought on their feet and in open areas for easy movement.
6. They moved in large numbers which helped them to outnumber their enemies who were often caught unaware
7. They used to absorb and assimilate all conquered people.

EFFECTS OF NGONI INVASIONS IN E. AFRICA.

Positive effects.

§         Their movement led to the rise of ambitious men like Mirambo, Nyunguyamawe who copied their tactics and created their empires.

§         Many small Ntemi chiefdoms came together (united) and formed larger political units under strong leaders to fight the Ngoni

§         There was formation of new societies (tribes) like the  Mbunga.

§         Many people copied their military organization and tactics to such an extent that the Ngoni lost their superiority

§         The Hehe under Mkwawa were able to resist the Germans.

§         However there was spread of Ngoni customs and culture.

§         It led to formation of a larger Ngoni society in E.Africa as they absorbed many people.

§         It led to formation of some societies by those who used Ngoni tactics e.g. Nyamwezi under Mirambo.

§         It led to introduction of new weapons e.g. Assegai, cowhides and shields.

§         From the Ngoni invasion, people learnt how to get organized from smaller disorganized societies, to well organized bigger political systems.

§         There were intermarriages between the Ngoni and Nyamwezi,whichsubsequentlyled to improved relationships between the invaders and indigenous peoples, and an increase in population.

Negative effects.

1.      They caused wide spread loss of lives leading to depopulation in some areas where they got warriors this was especially in southern Tanzania.t

2.      Their movement led to widespread devastation, depopulation and displacement of people.

3.      They destroyed the economy of the people of southern Tanzania when they grabbed their cattle. (The Ngoni were cattle plunderers).

4.      The Ngoni led to formation of refugees who lived by plundering and killing i.e. the Mariti and Rugaruga who were later used by ambitious men like Mirambo, Nyunguyamawe to make their empires.

5.      The Tuta Ngoni, on their movement northwards, disrupted the trade particularly between Tabora and Ujiji.

6.      There was loss of peoples’ language, culture and customs. However (Detribalisation of people). The Ngoni invasion led to detribalization

7.      Ngoni disturbance disrupted normal cultivation leading to famine.

8.      They led to insecurity since the new weapons and military tactics increased warfare and aggression in East Africa.

9.      The Ngoni intensified slave trade in East Africa, this was because they displaced people from their homes and so making it easy for slave raiders to get them and sell them.

10.  It led to increased war-fare among the African societies, including those areas that had been peaceful before.

     THANK

NGONI MIGRATION

www.elateafrica.org/elate/history/ngoni/ngonimigrationintro.html

BOOK.                       Textbooks- Odhiambo E.S A.; Ouso, T. I, Williams, J. F. M     (1977). A History of East Africa.  Longman Group;

THE NGONI MIGRATIONS AND SETTLEMENT IN EAST AFRICA

            (Migrated from South Africa to Tanzania between 1820- 1840)

Who were the Ngoni?

The Ngoni were Bantu-Nguni speaking people of Northern Zululand in South East Africa. They were originally Ndwandwe people under Zwides leadership. But when Shaka defeated Zwide, one part of his group, the Ngoni moved to East Africa under Zwangendaba.

In origin, the Ngoni, were close relatives of the Zulu. They were full- time warriors and cattle plunderers hence disliked by other tribes, so they forced them away. They were pushed further north and eventually reached southern Tanzania.

They were forced out of South Africa by the “Mfecane” wars led by Shaka the Zulu. They came to be known as the Ngoni having absorbed the Thonga, Shona and Cewa on their way to East Africa.

The Ngoni migration began among the Bantu peoples of South Africa, who entered into E. Africa in the 1840’s. They were the last Bantu migrants to come to East Africa. They migrated into two largest groups of the Maseko and Tuta Ngoni.

The Ngoni broke the Monomotapa Kingdom, settling respectively on the eastern side of Lake Nyasa  (Malawi) at Songea, and on Ufipa plateau.

Reasons for the Ngoni migration.

• It was due to fear of being absorbed into the empire of tyrant Shaka.

• They moved because of external pressure from the British and the Boers in the South who were moving northwards occupying their land.

• It was due to over population, which was caused by the fertility of soils and reliability of rainfall between Drakensberg Mountains and the Indian Ocean.

• Due to overpopulation there was land shortage hence land disputes, which led to forcing them to migrate to other areas.

• Some owned large herds of cattle hence moved northwards looking for pasture and water for their animals.
• It was also due to epidemic diseases such as smallpox and sleeping sickness that affected them.

• They could have moved because of famine and drought that led to lack of food and water.

• It was because of influence of men like Zwangendaba, Maputo and Zulugama who provided good leadership.
• They migrated because of the spirit for Adventure. (Need to see what was beyond them).

• The leaders wanted to take over power in the areas they defeated, which was not acceptable to Shaka forcing some groups to migrate to other areas.

• They were fed up with the old traditional political system, which encouraged dictatorship and therefore wanted change, which could be achieved through migration.

• It could also have been due to overstocking of their animals.
• They migrated due to the increased knowledge of military tactics by the age regiments.

MOVEMENT AND SETTLEMENT OF THE NGONI INTO EAST AFRICA

• They began their movement from South – East Africa in Northern Zululand under the leadership of Zwangendaba in 1820.
• The Ngoni migration took place in the 19^th century, and was the last major movement of Bantu people into East Africa.
• There were 3 groups of the Ngoni in East Africa i.e. the Ngoni Tuta, the Ngoni Gwangara and the Maseko Ngoni.

• They then crossed River Zambezi and River Limpopo and moved northwards in search of new areas.
• Later in 1835, they divided into two groups. One group under the leadership of Zwangendaba passed west of Lake Malawi and settled at UFIPA in 1840. They were attracted to this area here because of the many herds of cattle around.
• Zwagendaba led the biggest Ngoni group that entered East Africa. They crossed the Zambezi River, moved through Malawi and Zambia until they reached the Fipa plateau in around 1840’s. Zwagendaba died here in about 1845, and his followers  splint up into five sections. Three sections returned south to Zambia and Malawi, while the other two, i.e. , the Tuta and Gwangara sections remained at Ufipa.
• Another group under the leadership of Induna Maputo (Maseko Ngoni) passed East of Lake Malawi and settled at Songea.  When Zwangendaba died around 1845, the Ufipa ngoni disagreed and plit in to five groups.
• Two groups remained in East Africa,i.e Tuta and Gwangara Ngoni. Three groups moved out of East Africa that is to say, one group moved to Malawi and the two moved back to Zambia.
• The Tutu Ngoni, the smallest group left Ufipa, moved northwards fighting and clashing with the Holoholo near Lake Tanganyika. They disrupted the trade route between Tabora and Ujiji.
• In the 1850s they invaded the Nyamwezi capturing many and incorporating them in their ranks. They finally settled at Kahama South of Lake Victoria.The Gwangara Ngoni under the leadership of Zulugama moved eastwards to Songea    where they met the Maseko Ngoni. The two groups fought and theMaseko Ngoni were defeated and pushed out of Songea in 1860s.
• Some of the Maseko moved back to Mozambique while others moved to Kilombero valley where they became known as the Mbunga.
• Another splinter group moved to Newala, Masasi and Tunduru.
• From Songea the Ngoni raided widely, finally settling in Southern Tanzania among the Bena, Hehe and Sangu. The Ngoni migration, which started around 1820’s, had ended by the year 1860s.

WHY WERE THE NGONI SUCCESSFUL IN DEFEATING / CONQUERING THE PEOPLE OF EAST AFRICA?

Ø      The Ngoni came in big numbers and were strong.

• They had good military organization with age-regiments called “impis”. (strong army)
• The Ngoni had a large, well-trained and disciplined army.
• They had superior weapons such as the short stabbing spear (Assegai) and big cowhide shields, which only left a soldier’s face exposed to the enemy, protected the warriors

§         They had superior military tactics such as the cow horn method (semi-circle), which was unfamiliar in E. Africa.

• They met small and fragmented societies, which were unable to challenge their military organization.
• The Ngoni were successful due to their determination. They were determined to conquer and obtain places for settlement.
• Disunity among the East African people living in isolated societies, made it easy for the Ngoni to defeat them.
• The Ngoni were fully united under their commanders.
• They had strong military leaders e.g. Zwangendaba who were able to unite and command the Ngoni, Induna Maputo.
• Applied the scorched earth policy hence taking people unaware. They burnt and destroyed crops.
• They also made themselves fearful to their enemies by wearing the skeletons of their victims.

THE NGONI MILITARY ORGANISATION

The Ngoni were a small group of people but were able to make their presence and authority fell by the local people because of their leadership, outstanding military efficiency and their capacity to absorb conquered people into their armies.

1. Militarily the Ngoni were organized in large standing armies and age regiments People of the same age trained together, which brought unity and efficiency.
2. They used the short- stabbing spears called assegai rather than the long- throwing spears which meant that the warriors could attack more effectively at a close range.
3. They used large cowhide shields, which could not be easily penetrated by spears.
4. They used the cow horn method of surrounding an enemy and attacking from all sides giving the enemy little chance to escape.
5. They often fought on their feet and in open areas for easy movement.
6. They moved in large numbers which helped them to outnumber their enemies who were often caught unaware
7. They used to absorb and assimilate all conquered people.

EFFECTS OF NGONI INVASIONS IN E. AFRICA.

Positive effects.

§         Their movement led to the rise of ambitious men like Mirambo, Nyunguyamawe who copied their tactics and created their empires.

§         Many small Ntemi chiefdoms came together (united) and formed larger political units under strong leaders to fight the Ngoni

§         There was formation of new societies (tribes) like the  Mbunga.

§         Many people copied their military organization and tactics to such an extent that the Ngoni lost their superiority

§         The Hehe under Mkwawa were able to resist the Germans.

§         However there was spread of Ngoni customs and culture.

§         It led to formation of a larger Ngoni society in E.Africa as they absorbed many people.

§         It led to formation of some societies by those who used Ngoni tactics e.g. Nyamwezi under Mirambo.

§         It led to introduction of new weapons e.g. Assegai, cowhides and shields.

§         From the Ngoni invasion, people learnt how to get organized from smaller disorganized societies, to well organized bigger political systems.

§         There were intermarriages between the Ngoni and Nyamwezi,whichsubsequentlyled to improved relationships between the invaders and indigenous peoples, and an increase in population.

Negative effects.

1.      They caused wide spread loss of lives leading to depopulation in some areas where they got warriors this was especially in southern Tanzania.t

2.      Their movement led to widespread devastation, depopulation and displacement of people.

3.      They destroyed the economy of the people of southern Tanzania when they grabbed their cattle. (The Ngoni were cattle plunderers).

4.      The Ngoni led to formation of refugees who lived by plundering and killing i.e. the Mariti and Rugaruga who were later used by ambitious men like Mirambo, Nyunguyamawe to make their empires.

5.      The Tuta Ngoni, on their movement northwards, disrupted the trade particularly between Tabora and Ujiji.

6.      There was loss of peoples’ language, culture and customs. However (Detribalisation of people). The Ngoni invasion led to detribalization

7.      Ngoni disturbance disrupted normal cultivation leading to famine.

8.      They led to insecurity since the new weapons and military tactics increased warfare and aggression in East Africa.

9.      The Ngoni intensified slave trade in East Africa, this was because they displaced people from their homes and so making it easy for slave raiders to get them and sell them.

10.  It led to increased war-fare among the African societies, including those areas that had been peaceful before.

     THANK

AN ADVERVISE TO YOU

GIVE ME A SUPPORT ON HOW CAN I IMPROVE MY BLOG SO AS TO ENHANCE LEARNING THROUGH  MODERN TECHN0LOGY

EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN EAST AFRICA

The Effects of Scramble and Partition in East Africa

East Africa was divided among the European powers i.e. Britain and Germany.  The British took up Uganda and Kenya which was the northern part of East Africa and Germany took Tanganyika which was the southern part of East Africa.  The effects include the following:

The East African states lost their independence and were subjected to European rule and administration e.g. Kenya and Uganda in were in the hands of the British while Tanzania was controlled by the Germans. 

Many African chiefs or kings were killed or sent into exile because of the scramble and partition in East Africa for example Kabalega and Mwanga were exiled while chief Mkwawa of the Hehe was beheaded for resisting German colonial rule in Tanganyika.

They established new systems of administration i.e. indirect rule by the British and direct rule by the Germans.
The Africans were regarded as an inferior group and were forced to provide labour for European plantations and other public works.

There was an increase of Europeans in East Africa for example many of them settled in the Kenya highlands. Thus Africans lost their land and were put into reserve camps e.g. the Masai.

After the partition, new boundaries were drawn and defined in East Africa without respect of the tribes which led to disunity of Africans.

Slave trade was completely wiped out and replaced with legitimate trade in East Africa.
Scramble and partition accelerated the construction and development of infrastructure such as schools, hospitals, roads and bridges. 

There was maximum exploitation of resources in East Africa like Ivory, Minerals like Gold, Copper, and Cash crops like Cotton, Coffee, and Sisal etc.

Agriculture was promoted and developed and some of the cash crops which were introduced like cotton and sisal became the export base of East Africa.  They also introduced new methods of farming.

They developed legitimate trade, which enabled them to get raw materials for their industries and they sold their products to East Africans.

They promoted the western culture in East Africa for example the way of dressing, religion, building, eating habits etc.

They undermined African cultures who took up the western culture and goods.  Africans therefore developed an inferiority complex as their traditional customs were despised and they took up the European culture as their way of life.

Taxes were introduced to be paid in form of money for example hut tax and gun tax, which encouraged the use of money.

Western formal education was introduced which replaced informal African education.

Administrative centres/posts were built in East Africa for example in Kampala, Nairobi and Dar-es-Salaam.

Christianity was introduced and spread in East Africa whereby many people were converted from Islam to Christianity.  Various churches were also constructed in East Africa.

Methods used to establish colonial rule in East Africa.

After the partition and scramble for East Africa, the British and Germans used various methods in East Africa.  However, these methods varied from place to place and from time to time as follows:

The European colonialists used Christian missionaries who paved the   way for colonisation by preaching the message of love and brotherhood which convinced the African that it was a sin to fight against the Europeans.

The signing of treaties and agreements with African chiefs was another method used by Europeans to colonise East Africa for example the 1900 Buganda agreement, the Masai agreement of 1804, and several other agreements.  These assisted the British to establish their rule.

They used African collaborators and opportunists to conquer and annex areas that were resistant to colonialists’ rule for example Apollo Kagwa and Semei Kakungulu.

 The use of explorers or adventurers for example Speke and Stanley who gave exaggerated reports to their home governments based on lakes, minerals climate and mountains, which later attracted colonialists.

Colonialists used the method of divide and rule for example by introducing different religions such as Catholics, Protestants and Moslems etc.  This created disunity against the enemy.

The European colonialists also used the European settlers for example in the Kenya highlands.  These settlers introduced agriculture, which generated funds for their colonial governments.

They built communication lines for example the Uganda Railway which facilitated the movement of the British troops from the coast to the interior.  These were later used to put down rebellions.

They used bribery to make the chiefs and kings of East Africa convinced toward their colonial policies. 

The colonialists used the army of occupation to establish their rule in East Africa.  This was effective in the areas of Bunyoro where the British used the army of occupation.  In other words they used military confrontations for example Kabalega of Bunyoro was attacked by the army and the Germans attacked the Hehe.

They built administrative posts and forts for defensive purposes against African resistors.

They used chartered companies to establish colonial rule in East Africa for example IBEACO.

The European colonialists also used gifts to the African leaders like chiefs and kings to persuade their people to accept colonialism.

They used force to suppress resistance all of which maintained law and order.